SOIL

SOIL

Soil types of the area are more important, since it is the main criteria in the agricultural production and in the recharge of ground water .Different types of soils are derived from a wide range of geological formation .knowledge about the types of soils, their extent and occurrence is of primary importance for agricultural planning to maximize production and for the ground water recharge. A soil map of Ariyalur district based on the surveys conducted by soil testing laboratory three types of soils which are furnished as follows in
i. Alluvial soil
ii. Red loam soil
iii. Black soil
Various types of cropping pattern are practiced in different parts of ariyalur district, depending upon the soil characteristics.

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GEOMORPHOLOGY

GEOMORPHOLOGY

Geomorphology maps help to identify the various geomorphic units and groundwater occurrence in each unit. Selected and limited field checks are carried out in the field to verify the different geomorphic units.
An overall appraisal of ground water occurrence in each geomorphic unit and the significance of its hydro geological characters are furnished with groundwater potential. Even though the groundwater potential zones are demarcated based on subsequent field checks, the present extraction of ground water has to be taken into consideration before implementing further groundwater schemes. Coleroon River is flowing on the south of the district and the vellar river is flowing on the north of the district. Alluvium is deposited on the northern and southern side of the rivers and occurs as alluvial plain.

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APPLICATION OF GIS

APPLICATION OF GIS

Integrated remote sensing and GIS can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in groundwater management and planning. A geographic information system (GIS) is also known as geospatial information system. It is a system for capturing, storing, analyzing and managing data and associated attributes which are spatially referenced to the Earth. GIS is used for spatial modelling of rainfall runoff and to prepare the data for model input, to assign effective parameters to each cell systematically, to allocate recharge and pumping rates to each grid cell, to visually compare the simulated and measured heads, to display the model results such as hydraulic heads, flow vectors and water quality contours. The GIS is used for preparing the spatial maps for the analysis puposes.

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NanoTechnology

NanoTechnology

Well-dispersed nanoparticies increase the viscosity of the liquid phase, which helps to suspend the cement grains and aggregates, which, in turn, improves the segregation resistance and workability of the system.
• Nanoparticies fill the voids between cement grains, which results in immobilization of free water (filler effect).
• Well-dispersed nanoparticies act as centers of crystallization of the cement hydrates, which accelerates the hydration.
• Nanoparticies favor the fomiation of small-sized crystals (such as calcium hydroxide)
• Nanosilica participates in the pozzolanic reactions, which results in the consumption of calcium hydroxide and formation of an additional C-S-H.
• Nanoparticies improve the structure of the aggregate contact zone, which results in better bond between aggregates and cement paste.
• Nanoprticles improve the toughness, shear, tensile strength and (lexural strength of concrete.

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ELECTROSPINNING METHOD

ELECTROSPINNING METHOD

Electrospinning is a unique approach using electrostatic forces to produce fine fibers. Electrostatic precipitators and pesticide sprayers are many of the well known applications that work exactly like the electrospinning technique. Electrospun fibers have small pore size and high expanse. There is also evidence of sizable static charges in the electrospun fibers that is effectively handled to produce three-dimensional houses. The apparatus used for electrospinning is straightforward in construction which includes a high voltage electric source having positive or negative polarity, a syringe pump with capillaries or tubes to cart the solution from the syringe or pipette towards the spinnerette and a conducting enthusiast. The collector can be made of any shape in line with the requirements like flat plate, spinning drum, etc. The schematic with the electrospinning process is shown with figure. Many researchers have used the apparatus exactly like the one shown in figure 1 with modifications depending on process conditions to spin numerous fine fibers.

Polymer solution or the melt that should be spun is forced through a syringe pump in order to create a pendant drop of polymer with the tip of the capillary as well as syringe needle. High voltage is placed on the polymer solution inside the syringe by using a connected electrode thereby inducing free charges in to the polymer solution. These charged ions transfer response to the applied electric field towards electrode of opposite polarity thereby transferring tensile forces towards the polymer liquid. At the tip with the capillary, the pendant hemispherical polymer drop swallows a cone like projection in the presence of electric field. And, when the applied potential reaches a critical value that is required to overcome the surface tension with the liquid, a jet of liquid is ejected on the cone tip.

Future Prospect:

Future developments of nanotechnologies in textiles can have a two¬fold focus:
1) replacing existing functions ind performances of textile materials;
2) developing smart and intelligent textiles with unheard of functions.
The latter is more urgent on the standpoint of homeland security and also advancement of technology. The new functions with textiles for being developed include
1) wearable photovoltaic cell and energy storage;
2) sensors and information acquisition and move;
3) multiple and sophisticated security and detection
4) health-care and also wound healing functions;
5) self-cleaning and also repairing functions.
Undoubtedly, Nanotechnology holds an enormously promising future regarding textiles. It s estimated that nanotechnology provides about hundreds of billions dollars of market have an effect on new materials within a decade; textile certainly has an important share in his material market place. We expect to see a fresh horizon of textile materials underneath this irresistible technology wave.

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TITANIUM DIOXIDE

TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Titanium dioxide itself doesn't have toxicity to microbe and the cell. Only after the irradiation of light for instance fluorescent or UV light, normal mineral Ti02 activates its one of a kind photo catalytic properties. In the presence of light and humid inside air, titanium dioxide oxidizes, converts complex organic molecules into water and co2 fractional laser. Photo catalytic power of titanium dioxide productively destroys bacteria cell's wall and it is membrane, and reacts with cell's parts, which inhibits bacteria's activity and ultimately results in the death and decomposition of bacteria, thus eliminating bad odours created by a living or decomposing bacteria plus reduces risk of bacteria spread.

The increase in patents over the last decade indicates a huge curiosity, especially from Japan and Europe, in the application of Ti02 seeing that photocatalyst in buildmu materials
Regarding the reduction of air pollution on account of traffic in urban areas, the application on pavement surfaces or around the building surfaces in cementations supplies gives optimal solutions. To boost the efficiency of the photocatalyst, its presence at the surface of the material is crucial. It really needs to be accessible by sunlight to be activated. Consequently, the pollutant really needs to be absorbed on the surface and oxidized or reduced to some less harmful element. The goal is to have the maximum amount of TiC>2 as possible at the surface of the material, without the risk of loosing it by abrasion or maybe weathering. Up till now, by far the most efficient way to apply the TiC>2 is within a thin layer cementations substance, which is placed on the counter. Application in concrete tiles is actually therefore very suitable: the TiOa is usually added to the weathering coating. If the layer is somewhat used, new Ti02-particles will exist at the surface.

Other applications are located in architectural concrete. The use of white cement with TiCh at the surface of buildings and construction attribute to the durability of the visual area of the building. Due to the photocatalytic action, the whiteness of the building will remain and dirt will be washed away more easily due to hydrophilic properties or will be decomposed.

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CUORE CONCRETE NANO-SILICA

CUORE CONCRETE NANO-SILICA

The mixing of nano silica throughout concrete physics, chemistry and new nanotechnology advances, the challenge has been fulfilled. Lab tests and production tests proved the nano silica did not ruin (because its state), but it also produced better results than small silica, and a litre bottle on the product was equivalent to a barrel packed with micro silica, extra cement along with super plasticizing additives. Silica (SiCte) is present in conventional concrete included in the normal mix. However, one on the advancements made by the study of concrete at the nanoscale is that particle packing in concrete may be improved by using nano-silica which leads to your densifying of the micro and nanostructure resulting in improved mechanical properties. Nano-silica addition to cement based materials can also control the degradation of the primary C-S-H (calcium-silicatehydrate) reaction of concrete due to calcium leaching in water together with block water penetration and therefore lead to improvements in durability. Related to be able to improved particle packing, high electricity milling of ordinary Portland concrete (OPC) clinker and standard crushed stone, produces a greater particle size diminution regarding conventional OPC and, as a result, the compressive strength of the refined material can also be 3 to 6 times better (at different ages).


Fly ash not simply improves concrete durability, strength along with, importantly for sustainability, reduces the necessity for cement, however, the curing process of tangible is slowed by the addition connected with fly ash and early phase strength is also low compared to normal concrete. With the addition of SiCh nanoparticles section of the cement is replaced but the density and strength on the fly-ash concrete improves particularly in the early stages. Research into hematite (Fe20;, ) nanoparticles added to concrete indicates that they also increase strength together with offering the benefit of monitoring stress levels from the measurement of section electrical level of resistance.

Because of its innovation your nano silica was tested for over a year in the world's biggest subterranean copper mine to prove its long lasting characteristics. Cuore concrete takes care on the environment, the concrete and your operators' health. It is the very first nano product that replaced your micro sihca. Cuore concrete surpassed the anticipations of its design and gave concrete not simply the high initial and final resistance and also, plasticity, impermeability, minor final charge of work, and cement savings up to 40%. Also, it lowered the amounts of environmental contamination
In high compressive benefits concretes (H-70), Cuore concrete is 88% more efficient than micro silica, added to be able to concrete and super plasticizers. ( With an average 9, 43 Kg. connected with Cuore concrete Nanosilica, 73Kg. of all the others additives are used).


The cone test shows which it preserves the cone shape for several hour, (with a relation connected with H2O/Cement=0. 5, adding 0. 5% of Nano silica on the metric volume of the concrete used, it conserved a its circle form of 60 cm lor two a long time, with a lost of solely 5%). The nano silica has a plasticity that was compared to the pohcarboxilate technologies. Therefore the use of tremendous plasticizing additives is unnecessary.
• High workability along with reduced water/concrete levels, for case: 0, 2.
• Easy homogenization. The reduction of mixing times allows concrete plants to increase their production
• Depending on the cement as well as the formulations used for concrete (tests through value H-30 to H-70), shows that the material provides compressive benefits between 15 MPa and 75 MPa at 1 day; 40 MPa and 90 MPa on 28 days and 48 MPa along with 120 MPa at 120 days to weeks.
• Nano silica fully complies with ISO 14001 regulations concerning the environment and health. It preserves operators on the danger of being contaminated with silicosis and isn't going to contaminate the environment.
It successfully passed all the tests and since the start of this year it is being commercialized in different parts of the world.

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NANO-SENSORS

NANO-SENSORS

Strain sensors are a fundamental piece of mueh of the lab function completed in structuralengineering. Sensors monitor and quantify the behavior of a test specimen, and provide insight into the reasons behind the behavior. In concrete, strain sensors can be converted into three main categories

• External strain sensor
• Strain gage sensor
• Embedded strain gage sensor

The most fundamental category is external strain detectors. These are attached to the outdoors of the specimen and typically record the worries at that location very precisely. The disadvantage of these sensors is that almost all the time the critical location on the specimen is not on the outside of the specimen, and for that reason, the readings provided by these gages are simply marginally beneficial.
The second kind of strain gage typically used in concrete can be a strain gage that is Added to the steel reinforcement inside the concrete. These gages can end up being placed insidethe concrete, so for a lot of applications they are more helpful. However, they can only be used in regions where there is metallic reinforcement. Also, these gages provide the strain the steel, not the worries in the concrete.

The third kind of strain gage is an inserted strain sensor. These are gages which can be cast into the concrete and still provide readings of the strain from the concrete at their location.
They must be anchored or perhaps bonded to the concrete so as to function properly. They are able to providing the strain in the concrete at any location and in any direction. There arc embedded strain gages that already exist, but they are typically large and expensi A fresh material has been developed that's the potential to be found in tins applicat and this study examines the potency of this material. This experimental material is produced employing a process called electrostatic self-assembly.

The procedure is completed by building in place alternating layers of positive as well as negatively charged particles. The material is formed right into a l/8-in. -thick flexible sheet that exhibits the conductance properties of a metal. This includes changing resistance for the reason that length is changed. It is this property that creates the material potentially useful like a strain sensor. If the sensor can be anchored to a specimen and the resistance of the sensor can be accurately measured, the change in resistance on the sensor should correspond to the worries in the specimen. The experimental material is usually very durable. It can withstand large strains and is particularly unaffected by the high pH that occurs in concrete. It is also manufactured in sheets, so the sensors can end up being cut to any size or shape that's needed is. These properties give this new material an advantage over existing embedded strain gages.

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TITANIUM DIOXIDE

TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Titanium dioxide itself doesn't have toxicity to microbe and this cell. Only after the irradiation of light including fluorescent or UV light, normal mineral Ti02 activates its unique photo catalytic properties. In the presence of light and humid from the air, titanium dioxide oxidizes, converts complex organic molecules into water and carbon dioxide. Photo catalytic power of titanium dioxide properly destroys bacteria cell's wall and it is membrane, and reacts with cell's ingredients, which inhibits bacteria's activity and ultimately ends up with the death and decomposition associated with bacteria, thus eliminating bad odours created by a living or decomposing bacteria plus reduces risk of bacteria spread.
The increase in patents throughout the last decade indicates a huge interest, especially from Japan and European countries, in the application of Ti02 as photocatalyst in buildmu materials
Regarding the reduction of air pollution because of traffic in urban areas, the approval on pavement surfaces or on the building surfaces in cementations supplies gives optimal solutions. To boost the efficiency of the photocatalyst, its presence at the top of material is crucial. It must be accessible by sunlight to be activated. Consequently, the pollutant must be absorbed on the surface and oxidized or reduced to your less harmful element. The goal is to have just as much TiC>2 as possible at the top of material, without the risk associated with loosing it by abrasion or maybe weathering. Up till now, one of the most efficient way to apply the TiC>2 is at a thin layer cementations product, which is placed on the counter. Application in concrete tiles is actually therefore very suitable: the TiOa is usually added to the weathering stratum. If the layer is slightly used, new Ti02-particles will be present at the surface. Other applications come in architectural concrete. The use of white cement with TiCh with the surface of buildings and construction attribute towards the durability of the visual part of the building. Due to this photocatalytic action, the whiteness of the building will continue and dirt will be washed away more easily due to hydrophilic properties or will be decomposed.

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Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is an emerging interdisciplinary technology that is booming in many areas over the recent decade, including materials science, mechanics, electronics, optics, medicine, pockets, energy, electronics, and aerospace. Its profound societal impact have been considered as the huge momentum to usher in a second industrial revolution.

The "nano" in nanotechnolgy emanates from the Greek word "nanos" actually dwarf. Scientists use this prefix to indicate 10'*' or one-billionth. One nanometer is one-billionth meter that's about 100, 000 times smaller than the diameter of a single human hair. Nanotechnology endeavors are aimed at manipulating atoms, molecules and nanosize particles in a precise and controlled manner to be able to build materials with a basically new organization and novel components.

The embryo of nanotechnology is actually "atomic assembly", which was initial publicly articulated in 1959 through physicist Richard Feynman. Nanotechnology is named a "bottom up" technology with which bulk materials can be built precisely in tiny play blocks, different from the traditional manufacture — "top down" technology. Therefore, resultant materials have fewer defects and higher quality.

The fundamentals of nanotechnology lie in the fact that properties of substances dramatically modify when their size is reduced towards the nanometer range. When a bulk material is actually divided into small size particles with more than one dimension

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CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGER CAREER

CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGER CAREER

Some sort of construction task manager can be a qualified individual that has a degree inside construction administration, civil new or construction science. Being in charge of construction initiatives, he has so that the entire project can be completed by the due date, without going above budgetary restrictions. It is often a high demand job. The director has comprehensive control and is particularly liable pertaining to everything related to the progress project.

The brand Construction Task Manager can be loosely used to define any supervisory stage professionals who direct professionals in progress projects. He can be called by means of other titles for example construction superintendent, normal construction director, executive construction manager, constructor and even contractor or sub-contractor. He could be the salaried employee of an construction firm or engaged to manage a particular construction task.

The construction project manager should be involved from the project right from the start through to be able to its completion. By employing his understanding and expertise concerning the efficient usage of essential assets, he must guarantee this achievement associated with predetermined targets of charge, time, in addition to excellent. To ensure of most of these objectives, they have to determine which construction methods work for cost successful scheduling. She must discuss new and new drawings having design engineers as a way to effectively program and harmonize every area of the project. This might include preparation and making use of complicated stream charts in addition to pub maps, and a variety of graphs created for data rendering. Nowadays, project supervisors use computers to take care of, conceptualize in addition to implement strategies and patterns.
The construction project director must program a rational, phase smart implementation with the project, assigning fixed timeframes for your completion of each phase. She has to get all measures to see that the time frame is followed.

These days to weeks, there is a good demand in case you have a good academic base in neuro-scientific construction management. Business employers generally like a certification in construction science, with unique consentrate for the management aspect. It is often a four-year stage course furnished by over 120 colleges in the united kingdom.
Coursework for the degree inside construction science can be very comprehensive. A number of the subjects covered are going to be engineering in addition to architectural sciences, mathematics concepts, statistics, computer scientific discipline, project control and progress, site preparing, building design and style, construction strategies, construction assets, value research, cost calculating, commitment management, building rules and expectations and inspection procedures.
The American Institute associated with Constructors (AIC) as well as Construction Supervision Association associated with America (CMAA) likewise give certification just after written assessments and verification linked to education. The AIC honours the Bring up Constructor (AC) in addition to Certified Specialist Constructor (CPC) designations as well as CMAA honours the Qualified Design Supervisor (CMM) situation.

There tend to be better task prospects pertaining to applicants having work knowledge. The preference from the career market is designed for academically qualified individuals who have undergone internships in addition to worked inside construction sector. They must be trained inside building technological know-how.

The Nation's Association associated with Colleges in addition to Employers conducted an income survey inside July 2011 in addition to found that will candidates which has a degree inside construction administration got a typical annual salary figure associated with $92, 000.
You will discover bright job prospects for some kind of professionally certified construction task manager. Practical work experience can be of important importance before a situation of independent functioning may possibly possibly be offered. Lots of years experience in the junior-grade situation on construction projects can be a prerequisite necessary by many business organisations. The situation would fetch some kind of handsome salary package in addition to commands a good position inside society.

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Top 10 Tips on Managing Construction Workers

Top 10 Tips on Managing Construction Workers , Staff

1. Set obvious direction: Might seem obvious that you should have clear goals and yet almost 40% of employees in Construction companies usually are not sure what their employer expects of them.

2. Link individual goals on the strategy of the company: As a manager you might know what your company is trying to achieve but there's every chance that your people don't. Only 30% of UK employees know the way their job role impacts and leads to their organisation reaching its ideal vision. It's your job to make this link clear and only do that by talking about it - on a regular basis!

3. Know what your folks have natural aptitude for: Your key work as a manager is to know your people well enough to understand what they accomplish best. Where they have healthy aptitude, they can excel. Practice doesn't make perfect if you do not are practicing in an division of natural talent.

4. Know ones people's weaknesses: Where your people have zero natural talent, they will not necessarily excel. Best case scenario, they can become average using practice and training but release the notion that they will certainly ever become high performers throughout those areas

. 5. Recruit, promote and performance manage using the strengths needed and weaknesses which might be acceptable for each role.

6. Create the suitable attitude: You can motivate your people by giving them with clear direction and playing for their strengths - but you should find out what makes these people tick as individuals. What urges you rarely motivates your folks. Everyone is different and you'd be wise to ask as averse to making too many assumptions.

7. Give praise when praise arrives: This is the most underneath utilized tool for motivating ones people. Don't wait for perfection! Notice and praise situations along with behaviors that went well, pointing out specifically what was good and the positive impact that they had.
70% of Construction employees report them to don't receive praise regularly. What an easy move to make that makes a lot of difference.

8. Manage yourself: To be a manager, you are a mini celebrity whilst your team watch your every move - like inconsistencies between what you say and what we do. Don't expect your people to be something about to catch.

9. Handle critical conversations: Discover ways to tackle giving negative feedback along with handling difficult situations (like behaviors and performance issues) with your people. It's a skill, usually something we either want to avoid or end up doing badly.

10. Deal with transform: Dealing with a constantly changing environment is hard for many people. Especially when they don't view the benefits themselves. Every manager should be a change expert, not theoretically but in practice. Delivering the message and getting buy in is another thing, where the real difference is created is by executing with consistency.

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World First Green Shop Made out of Natural Material

World First Green Shop Made out of Natural Material

A Belgian custom done this
The Belgian designer Ann Demeulemeester’s fashion retail shop from the Gangnam district of South Korea’s funds city Seoul brings some new dimensions towards the Green concept. Seoul which is the second largest metropolitan and a major global city on the planet, can surely boast of this that provides colors to its already recent metropolitan culture.

This unique green shop would be the blend of the modern unnatural and natural architecture, which is simply a multy-story building that employs Geo textiles planted with herbaceous plants to create the living walls and the actual stupendous green roof system.

The aim is to cover the structure with all the real green roofs and environmentally friendly living walls both externally in addition to internally, smearing off the lines relating to the landscape and the building. The glass covering a midst the entire green concept provides the required elegance towards the structure.

The basement is the ‘multy-shop’, the ground floor contains the hot collections from the actual designer, and the second floor incorporates a restaurant.

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Function of Pile Foundation

Function of Pile Foundation

As other styles of foundations, the purpose of pile foundations is:

– To transmit the buildings loads to the foundations and the ground soil layers whether these loads up and down or inclined

– To put in loose cohesion less soil by means of displacement and vibration.

– To regulate the settlements; which can be together with surface foundations.

– To improve the factor of safety for heavy loads buildings

The selection of type of pile foundation will depend on site investigation report. Site investigation report suggests the importance of pile foundation, type of pile foundation for being used, depth of pile foundation for being provided. The cost analysis of various options for use of pile foundation must be carried out before selection of pile foundation types.

Unless the soil condition is rocks, for heavy construction and multi-storied buildings, the bearing capacity of soil at shallow depth most likely are not satisfactory for the loads about the foundation. In such cases, pile foundation must be provided. The number of piles inside a pile groups required is calculate on the pile capacity of single pile plus the loads on the foundation. Piles undoubtedly are a convenient method of foundation with regard to works over water, such because jetties or bridge piers.

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Cavity Walls

Cavity Walls

A couple walls which has a 5 cm in order to 8 cm comprise a hole wall getting cavity between they. The outer wall also referred to as outer leaf, consists of your 10 cm (half brick) heavy wall along with the inner walls is enough thick and also strong to handle the imposed load safety. The minimal thickness within the inner wall is fixed to 10 cm (half brick). The provision on the continuous cavity within the wall effectively prevents stops the transmitting of water towards intrinsic wall.

Advantages:

The areas of cavity walls could possibly be summarised because below:

1. They have great sound insulation home.

2. The level of air inside the cavity becoming non-conductor involving warmth decreases the transmitting of heat on the external face on the internal one therefore hole walls are best made for a hawaiian country like India. Checks have revealed that hole walls have got 25% greater insulating value than stable walls.

3. As there is absolutely no intimate contact between the two leaves except the walls ties (which are connected with impervious material), there's no possibility on the moisture travelling on the outer leaf toward inner.

4. They are economical.

Locating Cavity:

The hole should start out near ground level and terminate near eaves level in the case of sloping roof structure or close to coping in the case of flat roof structure with parapet walls. The hole should preferably begin 15 cm underneath the damp-proof education level. This has the advantage connected with draining just about any condensed dampness below just how much damp-proof program. Similarly, to lessen infiltration involving moisture, the bottom of hole should lie at the very least 15 cm above the away side ground level. The damp-proof course for every leaves will be laid separately, although to the same degree. This is essential to go on the hole below damp-proof education. The hole is retained fully ventilated by giving air bricks within the external walls immediately above damp-proof education. The air flow bricks ought to be kept 85 cm aside. Similarly, air bricks are given near the the very best cavity.

Wall  Ties:

Each walls are tied joined with metallic as well as terra-cotta ties to acquire structural security. They are chilled 85 cm aside horizontally along with 30 in order to 45 cm different vertically throughout staggered roles.

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Repair works in Concrete

Repair works in Concrete

To begin with we will learn when structural repair for concrete structure is necessary. The aims of structural repair are to deliver safety to structures, repairing structural defects and bring structure into a stable condition to resist concrete floor member from further deterioration. They are done by increasing stiffness along with strength of structure and protecting against intrusion of deteriorating agents for you to structures to restrict further hardship. Sometimes increasing of aesthetical appearance is also a objective of structural repair.


The repair options are chosen based on the deteriorated conditions of structure and level of increment of strength and stiffness of deteriorated structure. We are providing some methods of repair of concrete structure. These types of options may, individually or combination greater than one, be adopted for these kinds of purposes. These are:


Replacing broken concrete roof after passivating corroded metallic
1. Patch repair.

2. Grouting technique of crack repair.

3. Replacing concrete which might be structurally weak.

4. Replacing delaminated and/or spalled concrete floor.

5. Replacing carbonated concrete around steel reinforcement.

6. Passivating and cleaning steel reinforcement which might be corroded Cracked concrete pavement required repair

7. Re-alkalising carbonated concrete floor.

8. Removing chlorides by electro-chemical process from chloride deteriorated concrete

9. Any methods of water proofing or providing protecting coating.

10. Jacketing to offer protection against corrosion.

11. Supplying concrete overlays by later revised or low to highly smooth overlays of concrete.

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Common Area Works

Common Area Works

1. Staircase and Lift wall to become constructed along with structure.
only two. Block work for common place and shafts are completed.
3. Power conduiting and box fixing is completed.
4. Staircase wall as well as ceiling plastering is completed.
5. Lobby area plastering is done.
6. Staircase railing and foyer railings are fixed.
7. Stairs and common area flooring as well as dadoing (as per specification) tend to be completed.
8. Granite coping as well as lift architraves granite works tend to be completed.
9. Putty, sanding as well as first coat paint to ceiling are completed.
10. Services such as Plumbing and fire are done.
11. Electrical wiring works tend to be completed.
12. Shaft door repairing is completed.
13. Shaft door painting is completed.
14. Grouting involving floor tile, wall tile as well as granite are done.
15. Silicon sealant is effective are completed.
16. Signages tend to be fixed.
17. Final snagging as well as handover of common area for you to CRM.

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CYCLONE RESISTANT BUILDINGS

CYCLONE RESISTANT BUILDINGS

A cyclone is a storm associated with high speed whistling and peaceful winds. It brings torrential down pours. A cyclone storm develops above tropical ocean and blows at speed as high as 200–240 km/hour. It is usually associated with lightning, thunder and continuous downpour of rain. Cyclones extend from a hundred and fifty km to 1200 km in lateral directions with forced wind gusts spiralling around a central minimal pressure area. The central spot of light winds and minimal pressure, known as the ‘eye’ of cyclone has a average diameter of 20 to 30 km.

This central eye is surrounded with a ring of very strong winds extending nearly 40 to 50 km over and above centre. This region is named ‘wall cloud’. In this spot strongest winds and torrential down pours occur. Beyond this region wind gusts spiralling extend outwards to big distances, which goes on reducing while using distance from the centre on the cyclone.

The following care must be taken in designing buildings in cyclone prone areas:
1. Foundations must be deeper
2. R. C. Chemical. framed structures are to end up being preferred over load bearing structures
3. Sloping roofs should end up being avoided.
4. Cantilever projections must be avoided.
5. Roof and parapet wall must be properly anchored to the columns and walls.
6. Height on the buildings should be restricted.
7. Suitable wind load should be considered in the building design.
8. Openings in the wall should be less. 9. Structure must not rest on loose soil.

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Types of Earthquakes

Types of Earthquakes

Depending upon the probable causes, the earthquakes may continually be classified as:

1. Natural earthquake

only two. Earthquakes due to induced pursuits.

Natural Earthquakes

Natural earthquakes could possibly be due to

(i) active faults

(ii) movement of tectonic china or

(iii) due to volcanic eruptions. In earth’s crust there are some faults which are not still settled. The displacement of crud together faults cause earthquake. Tectonic means large scale process affecting the structure inside the earthcrust. This process causes gradual movement of material from the crust of earth.

Sometimes it shakes planet earth crust. Volcano is a mountain or hill developing a crater through which lava, stone fragments, hot vapour and gas are or are already erupted from the earths crust. Occasionally the volcanoes become active and create earthquake nearby the mountain crater.

Earthquakes due to help Induced Activities

These include caused by vibrations induced through atomic explosions and collapse of ground as a consequence of faulty mining.

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GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

Maps are widely-used as the languages of easy geography. Importance of map making is recognised previously. Surveyors went round the land and prepared maps. Data necessary for locating and calculating extent of any place/region is called spatial information.

Physical properties and human activities associated with a place/region are stored by means of tables, charts and texts. These details is called attribute data. Speaking about maps/plans and then to characteristic data stored in hard copies like books is cumbersome updating and managing the information is difficult. This problem is overcome by simply combining spatial data and attribute data with the location by appropriate data starting management in computers. The location information (spatial data) is digitised through available maps and stored with computers. For this data composition used is either raster information or vector data format. In raster data structures pickcells are from the spatial information, while in vector data structure coordinates are related to each region and sub-regions. In the spatial data attribute data will be overlayed and stored. Once that geographical information system is created, the user can access the attribute data of any where by clicking over the spatial data of the place. The user can utilise the info for further analysis, planning or to the management. For example, if land records of any village is developed as GIS information, the user can click the state map to post the district map and then access taluka map. Then he will access it to post the village map. Then land record of that village can be obtained and property map of any owner may be checked and printed. All this could be achieved in a very small amount of time from any convenient place. Remote sensing and GIS go hand in hand, since lot of data with regard to GIS is from remote realizing. Remote sensing needs GIS with regard to data analysis.

Some of the elements of GIS application are:
1. drainage techniques
2. streams and river basins supervision
3. lakes
4. canals
5. roads
6. railways
7. land documents
8. layout of residential locations
9. location of market, manufacturing, cultural and other utilities
10. land use of different crops etc.
The above information helps with planning infrastructural development activities such as planning roads, rail routes, dams, pathways, tunnels, etc. It helps in taking steps to test hazards of soil erosion and environmental pollution. Monitoring of crop pattern and condition helps in taking necessary action towards the challenges in future.

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